The HS2 high-speed rail project could cost more than £80bn - almost double the current estimated cost of £42.6bn, a free-market think tank has said.
The Institute for Economic Affairs (IEA) expects lobbying by local councils for extra infrastructure and design changes will inflate the cost.
It wants HS2 to be scrapped and the money spent on other transport schemes.
The government said the "absolutely vital" scheme would give a "huge economic boost" for generations.
High-speed 2 (HS2) is intended to allow trains to run at 250 mph (400km/h) from London to Birmingham from 2026, with branches to Manchester and Leeds via Sheffield planned by 2032.
Opponents say the scheme would cause an unacceptable level of environmental damage, loss of homes and disruption to many communities.
"Start Quote
End Quote Report author Dr Richard WellingsThe evidence is now overwhelming that this will be unbelievably costly to the taxpayer while delivering incredibly poor value for money"
The IEA said in its report, to be released on Monday, that the cost of new trains would be £7.5bn.
And it said changes to the route "to keep voters on side" were likely to add another £30bn to the current estimated cost of £42.6bn.
That £30bn, it said, would come from areas including:
- New road links, tram lines and road upgrades to cope with more pressure on infrastructure along the route
- Extra tunnels and other design changes "to buy off opposition"
- Regeneration schemes around new stations as well as in towns bypassed by the line
The report said HS2 "and the add-on transport schemes will be heavily loss-making in commercial terms - hence the requirement for massive taxpayer support".
Author Dr Richard Wellings said it was now "time the government abandoned its plans to proceed with HS2"
"The evidence is now overwhelming that this will be unbelievably costly to the taxpayer while delivering incredibly poor value for money," he said.
"Start Quote
End Quote Department for Transport spokesmanWithout HS2 the key rail routes connecting London, the Midlands and the North will be overwhelmed"
"It's shameful that at a time of such financial difficulty for many families, the government is caving in to lobbying from businesses, local councils and self-interested politicians more concerned with winning votes than governing in the national interest."
The institute said the policy may have been partly followed to win votes in "response to poor electoral performance in the north of England in recent elections".
And it said money would be better spent on more "commercially viable" road, rail and transport projects "not requiring support from the taxpayer".
'Absolutely vital'But Emma Antrobus, of the Greater Manchester Chamber of Commerce, said the UK was "suffering from decades of under-investment" in transport infrastructure.
She said building HS2 would improve connections between cities and "free up enormous amounts of capacity on the current rail network" for passengers and freight.
She accepted the costs of HS2 had risen but suggested IEA's estimate was too high.
A Department for Transport spokesman said: "HS2 is absolutely vital for this country, providing a huge economic boost which will generate a return on investment that will continue paying back for generations to come.
"Without it, the key rail routes connecting London, the Midlands and the North will be overwhelmed.
"HS2 will provide the capacity needed in a way that will generate hundreds of thousands of jobs and billions of pounds worth of economic benefits.
"The government is committed to managing the cost within the budget we have set for the project and to securing maximum value for money for the taxpayer, while also ensuring that preparations are properly made for the most significant infrastructure investment the UK has seen in modern times."
Last month, the latest legal challenge to HS2 - from objectors including residents' groups and 15 councils along the route who had asked judges to order a further assessment of the scheme as a whole - was rejected by the Court of Appeal.
Judges dismissed all seven grounds of challenge against the London-Birmingham section of HS2, but a final appeal to the Supreme Court will be allowed.
That led transport minister Simon Burns to say Parliament was "the right place to debate the merits of HS2, not the law courts", adding the government would introduce "the hybrid bill for phase one before the year is out".
The government would continue with the "crucial business" of getting HS2 ready for construction in 2017, he added.
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