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President Putin said any non-UN sanctioned intervention would be interpreted as "aggression"
Russian President Vladimir Putin has warned the US and its allies against taking one-sided action in Syria.
He said any military strikes without UN approval would be "an aggression".
US President Barack Obama has called for punitive action in response to an alleged chemical weapons attack.
Mr Putin said Russia did not rule out supporting a UN Security Council resolution authorising force, if it was proved "beyond doubt" that the Syrian government had used chemical weapons.
On Tuesday evening, members of the US Senate Committee on Foreign Relations agreed on a draft resolution backing the use of military force.
Analysis
President Vladimir Putin's position on any military action against Syria was in the most part very robust.
He said any use of force without a United Nations Security Council resolution would be "an aggression."
He went on to say that although Russia has suspended supplies of the sophisticated S-300 air defence missiles, he would consider supplying S-300s to other regions in the event of an American attack. That could be seen as a veiled threat to supply S-300s to Iran.
But President Putin did leave open the slight chance of a Russian change of position - something he has not done before.
He said he did not "exclude" the possibility of Russia supporting a UN Security Council resolution authorising force, if it was proved "beyond doubt" that President Assad used chemical weapons against his own people.
Of course that is a high bar, but it has given him a little wriggle room.
The measure, to be voted on next week, sets a time limit of 60 days on any operation.
According to the draft resolution, the operation would be restricted to a "limited and tailored use of the United States Armed Forces against Syria", and prohibit the use of any ground forces.
The US has put the death toll from the alleged chemical attack on the outskirts of Damascus on 21 August at 1,429, though other countries and organisations have given lower figures.
Convincing evidenceMr Putin was speaking ahead of the G20 summit in St Petersburg, which opens on Thursday and is supposed to concentrate on the global economy, but now looks likely to be dominated by the crisis in Syria.
In a wide-ranging interview with the Associated Press and Russia's state Channel 1 television, Mr Putin said it was "ludicrous'' that Syrian President Bashar al-Assad, an ally of Russia, would use chemical weapons at a time when it was gaining ground against the rebels.
"If there is evidence that chemical weapons were used, and by the regular army... then this evidence must be presented to the UN Security Council. And it must be convincing," Mr Putin said.
But he added that Russia would "be ready to act in the most decisive and serious way" if there was clear proof of what weapons were used and who used them.
The BBC's Daniel Sandford in Moscow said while that, of course, is a high bar, it has at least given him a little wriggle room.
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Daniel Sandford looks at the current relationship between the Cold War rivals
Mr Putin said it was "too early" to talk about what Russia would do if America took action without a UN resolution.
S-300 air defence missile system
- series of long-range surface-to-air missile units
- can target aircraft and engage ballistic missiles
- Russia has provided some components to Syria but has frozen further shipments
He confirmed that Russia had currently suspended delivering further components of S-300 air defence missile systems to Syria, but added that "if we see steps are taken that violate the existing international norms, we shall think how we should act in the future, in particular regarding supplies of such sensitive weapons to certain regions of the world."
According to our correspondent, this could be seen as a veiled threat to supply S-300s to Iran.
'Not the time to be spectators'"Start Quote
End QuoteIf the president is not unhappy with this first motion, some who want deeper and more serious involvement, aimed at toppling Syrian President Bashar al-Assad, may be"
Ahead of next week's vote in Congress on whether to back military strikes in Syria, Secretary of State John Kerry appeared before the Senate foreign relations committee on Tuesday to promote the Obama administration's case.
He said there was evidence "beyond any reasonable doubt" that the forces of President Bashar al-Assad regime had prepared for a chemical weapons attack before 21 August.
"This is not the time for armchair isolationism," Mr Kerry added. "This is not the time to be spectators to slaughter."
US Defence Secretary Chuck Hagel supported Mr Kerry, stating that the "the word of the United States must mean something".
Senate draft resolution on Syria
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So too did Henry Kissinger, who was the US secretary of state from 1973 to 1977 and a recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize.
Mr Kissinger told the BBC that doing nothing would be "catastrophic", and "would show a degree of dysfunction in our political system that would be very unfortunate".
But the BBC's Jane O'Brien, in Washington, says Mr Obama still faces a tough task winning the support of the American people.
The latest opinion poll shows public opposition to involvement in the Syrian conflict is growing, with six out of 10 Americans against missile strikes.
Refugee crisisFrance has strongly backed the US plan for military action, and the French parliament is due to debate the issue later on Wednesday.
Analysis
Some elements of the Syrian chemical weapons complex may be buried underground but large parts of it can easily be seen on satellite images.
Much of it is reasonably close to populated areas - and this is the problem.
There have been growing calls from leading French politicians for their country's parliament - like those in the US and UK - to be allowed to vote on whether to intervene militarily in Syria.
However, Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius said on Wednesday: "A vote today would not make much sense because all elements aren't there yet. For instance, we don't know yet if the US Congress will say yes or will say no. What would be the sense of asking lawmakers to vote on an action that would eventually not take place?"
Mr Fabius insisted that military action was necessary.
"If you want a political solution, you have to move the situation. If there's no sanction, Bashar al-Assad will say: 'That's fine, I'll continue what I'm doing,'" he added.
UK Prime Minister David Cameron had also backed Mr Obama, but the British parliament rejected a resolution on military action.
More than 100,000 people are thought to have died since the uprising against President Assad began in March 2011.
The UN refugee agency says more than two million Syrians were now registered as refugees, and a further 4.25 million have been displaced within Syria.
The UN says this is the worst refugee crisis for 20 years, with numbers not seen since the 1994 genocide in Rwanda.
The foreign ministers of four of Syria's neighbours - Lebanon, Jordan, Turkey and Iraq - are meeting at the United Nations in Geneva on Wednesday to discuss the issue.
The ministers hope to persuade other richer countries to offer more support.
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