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Ratko Mladic (right) refuses to answer questions at the Yugoslav war crimes tribunal in The Hague
Ex-Bosnian Serb army chief Ratko Mladic has refused to testify after former Bosnian Serb leader Radovan Karadzic called him as a defence witness at his war crimes trial at The Hague.
Denouncing the UN tribunal as "satanic", Mr Mladic said testifying could prejudice his own case.
Both men deny charges of war crimes and crimes against humanity.
They exchanged genial greetings in their first public appearance together since the 1990s Bosnia war ended.
Analysis
Radovan Karadzic and Ratko Mladic complemented each other perfectly during the Bosnian war. Mr Karadzic was the ideologue of Serb nationalism; Mr Mladic its military enforcer. Mr Karadzic dreamed of an ethnically pure Serbian state carved from the territory of Bosnia-Hercegovina; Mr Mladic was the man who made it happen.
Mr Karadzic was, by profession, a doctor and a psychiatrist. He was a fluent English speaker who courted the Western press. He wrote poetry, and saw himself in the romantic, epic tradition of Serb leaders who'd fought, for centuries, to liberate the Serb nation from foreign domination.
Mr Mladic was a soldier, hugely admired by those he commanded, but deeply suspicious of Western influence. His forces expelled hundreds of thousands of non-Serbs - mostly Bosnian Muslims and Croats - from their homes in the parts of Bosnia they controlled, in a prolonged campaign that came to be known as ethnic cleansing.
The two men respected each other's roles but were never close. Mr Karadzic was affable and loquacious, even in the midst of atrocities committed in his name. Mr Mladic often appeared contemptuous of the political process, and of Mr Karadzic personally, especially in his concern with international opinion.
As he left court, Mr Mladic said: "Thanks a lot, Radovan. I'm sorry, these idiots wouldn't let me speak. They defend Nato bombs."
'Hate court'Mr Karadzic faces 11 charges, including genocide relating to the Srebrenica massacre in July 1995.
At Tuesday's hearing, his lawyer argued that Mr Mladic was "the one person in the whole world who knows best what happened in the war in Bosnia" and that Mr Karadzic was asking him to do his best to testify and to tell what had occurred.
Ratko Mladic initially refused to take the oath, saying: "Your subpoenas, your platitudes, your false indictments, I do not care one bit about any of it."
He added: "I do not recognise this hate court. It is a satanic court."
The judge warned him he could be held in contempt, with a possible jail term of up to seven years.
The session was then adjourned, apparently so Mr Mladic's dentures could be retrieved from his cell.
The judge then advised Mr Mladic he was not obliged to answer questions if he thought the answers would incriminate him.
Mr Karadzic then addressed Mr Mladic in person, saying: "Good morning general, sir."
Mr Mladic did answer Mr Karadzic's first question - listing the posts and dates of his military career.
But following the second question - "Did you ever inform me that prisoners from Srebrenica would be, were being or had been executed?" - Mr Mladic said: "I refuse to testify on the grounds of my health and because it may prejudice my rights as an accused."
Lawyers representing Mr Mladic say he suffers from a memory disorder that makes it hard for him to differentiate between truth and fiction.
Karadzic Timeline
- 1945: Born in Montenegro
- 1960: Moves to Sarajevo
- 1968: Publishes collection of poetry
- 1971: Graduates in medicine
- 1983: Becomes team psychologist for Red Star Belgrade football club
- 1990: Becomes president of SDS party
- 2008: Arrested in Serbia
- 2009: Trial begins at The Hague
The judge ruled Mr Mladic would not be compelled to answer.
Mr Karadzic read out his remaining questions, but received the same reply.
Mr Mladic again asked if he could read out a seven-page statement - supported by Mr Karadzic - but was refused and the session was adjourned.
Mr Karadzic had been hoping his former ally's answers would support his claims that the orders to commit war crimes did not come from him, says the BBC's Anna Holligan in The Hague.
The key charges facing Mr Karadzic relate to Sarajevo and Srebrenica.
Mr Karadzic is alleged to have orchestrated the shelling of Sarajevo, and the use of 284 UN peacekeepers as human shields in May and June 1995.
In the Srebrenica enclave, Bosnian Serb forces overran the UN-defended safe area in the worst atrocity in Europe since the end of World War Two.
More than 7,500 Muslim men and boys were killed.
Ratko Mladic was the general in charge of the troops.
His trial is being conducted simultaneously at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY).
False identitiesMr Karadzic was arrested in Belgrade in 2008 after 13 years on the run.
He had been found living in disguise in Belgrade, under a false name and working as a New Age healer.
Continue reading the main storyThe former Yugoslavia was a Socialist state created after German occupation in World War II and a bitter civil war. A federation of six republics, it brought together Serbs, Croats, Bosnian Muslims, Albanians, Slovenes and others under a comparatively relaxed communist regime. Tensions between these groups were successfully suppressed under the leadership of President Tito.
After Tito's death in 1980, tensions re-emerged. Calls for more autonomy within Yugoslavia by nationalist groups led in 1991 to declarations of independence in Croatia and Slovenia. The Serb-dominated Yugoslav army lashed out, first in Slovenia and then in Croatia. Thousands were killed in the latter conflict which was paused in 1992 under a UN-monitored ceasefire.
Bosnia, with a complex mix of Serbs, Muslims and Croats, was next to try for independence. Bosnia's Serbs, backed by Serbs elsewhere in Yugoslavia, resisted. Under leader Radovan Karadzic, they threatened bloodshed if Bosnia's Muslims and Croats - who outnumbered Serbs - broke away. Despite European blessing for the move in a 1992 referendum, war came fast.
Yugoslav army units, withdrawn from Croatia and renamed the Bosnian Serb Army, carved out a huge swathe of Serb-dominated territory. Over a million Bosnian Muslims and Croats were driven from their homes in ethnic cleansing. Serbs suffered too. The capital Sarajevo was besieged and shelled. UN peacekeepers, brought in to quell the fighting, were seen as ineffective.
International peace efforts to stop the war failed, the UN was humiliated and over 100,000 died. The war ended in 1995 after NATO bombed the Bosnian Serbs and Muslim and Croat armies made gains on the ground. A US-brokered peace divided Bosnia into two self-governing entities, a Bosnian Serb republic and a Muslim-Croat federation lightly bound by a central government.
In August 1995 the Croatian army stormed areas in Croatia under Serb control prompting thousands to flee. Soon Croatia and Bosnia were fully independent. Slovenia and Macedonia had already gone. Montenegro left later. In 1999 Kosovo's ethnic Albanians fought Serbs in another brutal war to gain independence. Serbia ended the conflict beaten, battered and alone.
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Mr Mladic was on the run for 16 years before being arrested in 2011 in northern Serbia, where he had also been living under an assumed name.
When Bosnia-Hercegovina became an independent state in 1992, Mr Karadzic declared an independent Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Hercegovina (renamed Republika Srpska) and himself head of state.
His party organised Serbs to fight against Bosniaks and Croats.
The Bosnian Serbs besieged Sarajevo for 44 months, shelling Muslim forces but also terrorising the civilian population with bombardments and sniper fire. Thousands of civilians died.
Bosnian Serb forces - assisted by paramilitaries from Serbia proper - also expelled hundreds of thousands of Muslims and Croats from their homes in a brutal campaign of ethnic cleansing.
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