Ignoring the threat from Islamist extremism in the Middle East and parts of Africa will "come back to hit the UK", David Cameron has warned.
The prime minister told MPs that it was wrong to think the crisis in Iraq was "nothing to do" with the UK.
Encouraging governments to be more inclusive and helping to "close down ungoverned spaces" would stop the conditions for terrorism flourishing.
Mr Cameron also announced extra humanitarian aid for Iraq.
The prime minister, who chaired a meeting of the National Security Council on Wednesday, has ruled out military intervention in support of the government of Iraqi prime minister Nouri al-Maliki, in response to attacks by Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIS) fighters.
'Patient'The fighting between ISIS and Iraqi security forces, who are supported by Shia militias, has focused around the city of Baquba, 60km (35 miles) from Baghdad, the Iraqi capital, while Iraq's largest oil refinery is also under attack.
At Prime Minister's Questions, Mr Cameron said it was up to the Iraqi security forces to "push back" ISIS fighters and also urged the government to do more to reconcile Shia, Sunni and Kurdish forces
"I disagree with those people who think this is nothing to do with us and if they want to have some sort of extreme Islamist regime in the middle of Iraq it won't affect us. It will," he told the Commons.
"The people in that regime, as well as trying to take territory, are also planning to attack us here at home in the United Kingdom."
"So the right answer is to be long-term, hard-headed, patient and intelligent with the interventions that we make and the most important intervention of all is to make sure that these governments are fully representative of the people who live in their countries, that they close down the ungoverned space and they remove the support for the extremists."
Mr Cameron also promised to do "absolutely everything we can" to protect Britain from the terrorist threat from fighters returning from Iraq and Syria.
The UK has said up to 400 British nationals are fighting alongside militant groups in Syria.
'Direct threat'The prime minister said several people had already been stopped from travelling to conflict zones while preparing a terrorism offence abroad would become a criminal offence under legislation to be put before Parliament in the next few months.
The UK's policing and intelligence resources, he added, would be "sharply focused" on the threat from jihadists returning from the two countries, a greater source of threat than Afghanistan and Pakistan.
Earlier, Baroness Neville-Jones, a former chair of the Joint Intelligence Committee, who was security minister between 2010 and 2011, said the prime minister was right to take the "mounting threat" extremely seriously.
"As a direct threat to us, ISIS has only relatively recently emerged, but it has been operating in Syria for quite some time," she told Radio 4's Today programme.
"Unfortunately the UK exports more young men to become jihadis in Europe than any other. The intelligence picture is clear. The numbers are there."
'Share ambitions'The UK authorities, she said, now had a much greater capability to keep track of people potentially at risk of radicalisation than in the aftermath of 9/11.
While the political and religious situation in the Middle East was "extremely complex", she said "we cannot let a situation go on" where young men believed that the West was to blame for all the problems in the region.
"We can't risk this kind of thinking brewing without any kind of antidote," she said.
Older Muslims in communities across the UK, she said, had a responsibility to try to "inform and educate" younger men about the dangers of radicalisation to stop them from travelling to conflict zones.
In the long term, the UK needed to ensure that young Muslim men were fully integrated into their communities and felt that they had a stake in society, she said.
She added: "How do we persuade young men that they belong to this country and share the ambitions of other Britons? That is the task that lies before us."
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