All children in England will need to know up to their 12 times table when they leave primary school, under plans announced by the education secretary.
Nicky Morgan also told the Sunday Times pupils aged 11 should know correct punctuation, spelling and grammar.
"Getting English and maths right has to be at the core of our education system," she told the BBC.
Labour said the "surest way" to raise standards was to improve the quality of teaching in the classroom.
Mrs Morgan has set a new target for England to be the best in Europe, and among the top five countries in the world, for English and maths by 2020.
"We have to be ambitious for our young people. If you don't get it right at primary, then it becomes much harder for children to catch up at secondary school," she told BBC 1's Andrew Marr show.
In a wide-ranging interview, Mrs Morgan was asked about money and appeared to suggest the schools budget for pupils aged five to 16 would be ring-fenced.
"We're going to have more to say on schools funding very shortly but what I can say is that I am absolutely fighting for the schools budget to be protected," she said.
'Fundamental duty'In an article for the Sunday Times, Mrs Morgan wrote: "The speed with which we slid down international league tables under the previous government is one of the starkest examples of their failure.
"Returning us to our rightful place will be a symbol of our success. To achieve this, we will launch a war on illiteracy and innumeracy."
Key Stage Two tests already include questions on times tables and long division but pupils are not required to answer them correctly.
Mrs Morgan said: "We will expect every pupil by the age of 11 to know their times tables off by heart, to perform long division and complex multiplication and to be able to read a novel.
"They should be able to write a short story with accurate punctuation, spelling and grammar.
"Some will say this is an old-fashioned view, but I say that giving every child the chance to master the basics and succeed in life is a fundamental duty of any government."
The paper says that under the party's plans schools that fail to get every pupil to pass the times tables and writing test for two years running will face being taken over by new leadership teams and be forced to become academies.
It also says there are also plans to encourage heads of departments in good schools to temporarily swap jobs with counterparts in bad schools.
Shadow education secretary Tristram Hunt MP said Labour would reverse the rule change under David Cameron's government which allowed unqualified teachers into the classroom on a permanent basis.
"Labour will ensure that all teachers are qualified and continue to train to improve their teaching as a condition to remaining in the classroom," he said.
"This is how we improve the learning and life chances for all children and raise our international position in reading, writing and maths."
On the Andrew Marr show, Mrs Morgan was asked about the Independent on Sunday's lead story that former education secretary Michael Gove was still receiving paperwork from her department.
She dismissed the report as "complete nonsense" and said Mr Gove, who is now Commons chief whip, had been "nothing but supportive" since she took the job.
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